Urinary Tract Infection Article Pdf

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Urine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Urine (from Latinurina, - ae, f.) is a liquid by- product of the body secreted by the kidneys through a process called urination (or micturition) and excreted through the urethra. Cellular metabolism generates numerous by- products, many rich in nitrogen, that require clearance from the bloodstream.

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These by- products are eventually expelled from the body during urination, the primary method for excreting water- soluble chemicals from the body. These chemicals can be detected and analyzed by urinalysis.

Human urine, together with human feces, are collectively referred to as human waste or human excreta. Physiology. Most animals have excretory systems for elimination of soluble toxic wastes. In humans, soluble wastes are excreted primarily by the urinary system and, to a lesser extent in terms of urea, removed by perspiration.

The system produces urine by a process of filtration, reabsorption, and tubular secretion. The kidneys extract the soluble wastes from the bloodstream, as well as excess water, sugars, and a variety of other compounds. The resulting urine contains high concentrations of urea and other substances, including toxins. Urine flows from the kidney through the ureter, bladder, and finally the urethra before passing from the body. Duration. Research looking at the duration of urination in a range of mammal species found that 9 larger species urinated for 2. Polyuria is a condition of excessive production of urine (> 2. L/day), oliguria when < 4.

New diabetes drugs seeking fda approval diabetes and urinary tract infections Read More; diabetic drugs list diabetic drugs list Read More; diabetes drugs list 2015 diabetes drugs list 2015 Read More; how many carbs should a. Historically, Candida glabrata has been considered a relatively nonpathogenic saprophyte of the normal flora of healthy individuals, rarely causing serious infection in humans (57, 163). However, following the widespread and. Health Concern On Your Mind?

L are produced, and anuria one of < 1. L per day. Constituents.

About 9. 1- 9. 6% of urine consists of water. Organic matter makes up between 6. Urea is the largest constituent of the solids, constituting more than 5. On an elemental level, human urine contains 6.

L carbon, 8. 1. 2 g/L nitrogen, 8. L oxygen, and 1. 5. L hydrogen. The exact proportions vary with individuals and with factors such as diet and health. A medieval chart showing the medical implications of different urine color.

Urine varies in appearance, depending principally upon a body's level of hydration, as well as other factors. Normal urine is a transparent solution ranging from colorless to amber but is usually a pale yellow. In the urine of a healthy individual the color comes primarily from the presence of urobilin. Urobilin is a final waste product resulting from the breakdown of heme from hemoglobin during the destruction of aging blood cells. Colorless urine indicates over- hydration, generally preferable to dehydration (though it can remove essential salts from the body). Colorless urine in drug tests can suggest an attempt to avoid detection of illicit drugs in the bloodstream through over- hydration. Dark yellow urine is often indicative of dehydration.

Yellowing/light orange may be caused by removal of excess B vitamins from the bloodstream. Certain medications such as rifampin and phenazopyridine can cause orange urine. Bloody urine is termed hematuria, a symptom of a wide variety of medical conditions. Dark orange to brown urine can be a symptom of jaundice, rhabdomyolysis, or Gilbert's syndrome. Black or dark- colored urine is referred to as melanuria and may be caused by a melanoma or non- melanin acute intermittent porphyria. Pinkish urine can result from the consumption of beets.

Greenish urine can result from the consumption of asparagus or foods or beverages with green dyes. Reddish or brown urine may be caused by porphyria (not to be confused with the harmless, temporary pink or reddish tint caused by beeturia). Blue urine can be caused by the ingestion of methylene blue (e. Blue urine stains can be caused by blue diaper syndrome.

Purple urine may be due to purple urine bag syndrome. Odor. The odor of normal human urine can reflect what has been consumed or specific diseases. For example, an individual with diabetes mellitus may present a sweetened urine odor. This can be due to kidney diseases as well, such as kidney stones. Eating asparagus can cause a strong odor reminiscent of the vegetable caused by the body's breakdown of asparagusic acid. After suitable processing it is possible to extract potable water from urine.

Possible pathogens in urine. It is commonly believed that urine is sterile until it reaches the urethra, where epithelial cells lining the urethra are colonized by facultatively anaerobic. Gram negative rods and cocci. Hermogenes wrote about the color and other attributes of urine as indicators of certain diseases. Abdul Malik Ibn Habib of Andalusia d. AD, mentions numerous reports of urine examination throughout the Umayyad empire. A urinalysis is a medical examination of the urine and part of routine examinations.

A culture of the urine is performed when a urinary tract infection is suspected. A microscopic examination of the urine may be helpful to identify organic or inorganic substrates and help in the diagnosis. The color and volume of urine can be reliable indicators of hydration level.

Clear and copious urine is generally a sign of adequate hydration. Dark urine is a sign of dehydration. The exception occurs when diuretics or excessive amounts of alcohol.

Pregnant mare urine is the source of estrogens, namely Premarin. The exact composition of nutrients in urine varies with diet. Undiluted urine can chemically burn the roots of some plants which is why it is usually applied diluted with water, which also reduces odour development during application. When diluted with water (at a 1: 5 ratio for container- grown annual crops with fresh growing medium each season.

The fertilization effect of urine has been found to be comparable to that of commercial fertilizers with an equivalent NPK rating. The degree to which these factors impact the effectiveness depends on the term of use, salinity tolerance of the plant, soil composition, addition of other fertilizing compounds, and quantity of rainfall or other irrigation. Urine can also be used safely as a source of complementary nitrogen in carbon- rich compost.

If urine is to be collected for use as a fertiliser in agriculture, then the easiest method of doing so is with sanitation systems that utilise waterless urinals, urine- diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) or urine diversion flush toilets. In pre- industrial times urine was used . Urine, a nitrogen source, was used to moisten straw or other organic material, which was kept moist and allowed to rot for several months to over a year. The resulting salts were washed from the heap with water, which was evaporated to allow collection of crude saltpeter crystals, that were usually refined before being used in making gunpowder. These guides explain that drinking urine tends to worsen, rather than relieve dehydration due to the salts in it, and that urine should not be consumed in a survival situation, even when there is no other fluid available. In hot weather survival situations where other sources of water are not available, soaking cloth (a shirt for example) in urine and putting it on the head can help cool the body. During World War I the Germans experimented with numerous poisonous gases for use during war.

After the first German chlorine gas attacks, Allied troops were supplied with masks of cotton pads that had been soaked in urine. It was believed that the ammonia in the pad neutralized the chlorine. These pads were held over the face until the soldiers could escape from the poisonous fumes, although it is now known that chlorine gas reacts with urine to produce toxic fumes (see chlorine and use of poison gas in World War I). This scenario has appeared many times in popular culture including in the Friends episode . However, at best it is ineffective, and in some cases this treatment may make the injury worse.

In the Scottish Highlands and Hebrides, the process of . On the top of the left hand page is an illuminated letter . Inside the letter is a picture of a master on bench pointing at a raised flask while lecturing on the . The right hand page is only shown in part. On its very bottom is an illuminated letter . Inside the letter is a picture of a master holding up a flask while explaining the diagnostic significance of urine to a student or a patient.

HMD Collection, MS E 7. Ancient Romans used fermented human urine (in the form of lant) to cleanse grease stains from clothing. The Latin saying Pecunia non olet (money doesn't smell) is attributed to Vespasian . Vespasian's name is still attached to public urinals in France (vespasiennes), Italy (vespasiani), and Romania (vespasiene). Alchemists spent much time trying to extract gold from urine, which led to discoveries such as white phosphorus by German alchemist Hennig Brand when distilling fermented urine in 1. In 1. 77. 3 the French chemist Hilaire Rouelle discovered the organic compound urea by boiling urine dry.

Society and culture. Language. The onomatopoetic term . Euphemisms and expressions used between parents and children such as . Guyton; John Edward Hall (2.

Textbook of medical physiology (1. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 8. Retrieved 2. 6 September 2.

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JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association. We did not find evidence that urinary acidification was responsible for the observed effect, since the median p. H of urine samples in the cranberry group (6. While cranberry juice has been advocated as a urinary acidifier to prevent urinary tract infections, not all studies have shown a reduction in urine p. H with cranberry juice ingestion, even with consumption of 2. L per day. Nlm. nih.

Retrieved on 2. 01. Discovery Health . Healthguide. howstuffworks. Retrieved on 2. 01. Urine therapy. Vanderbilt. Retrieved on 2. 01.

Michael T. Brock biology of microorganisms. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.